Operating systems: Definition and role in computers’ world

OS: The all-in-one computer control guide

The operating system manages both the software and hardware of a computer, handling critical tasks such as file, memory, and process management, as well as controlling input, output, and peripheral devices like drives and printers.

Once the computer is powered on, the operating system takes over, running in the computer’s memory to ensure smooth operation for both users and programmes until shutdown. In essence, computers are inoperable without an operating system.

Without it, every application would need to include its own user interface (UI) and comprehensive code to manage essential computer functions such as hard disk storage, network connections, and input/output processes. This would significantly increase the complexity and cost of software development.

Instead, software applications rely on the operating system, which serves as a mediator between applications and hardware. The OS provides a standardised interface for applications to interact with hardware, regardless of device differences.

Moreover, the operating system efficiently allocates resources such as the CPU, memory, and storage among multiple programmes, preventing clashes. It also provides an application programming interface (API) that enables programmes to use its services, including file management, storage, and connectivity. 

Users interact with the operating system through either a user interface like a text-based command line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI), which utilises icons and graphics for simpler interaction with the computer.

Ultimately, the OS not only streamlines software development by offering consistent resources and services but also ensures that users can engage with the computer via an intuitive, standardised interface, without needing to understand its underlying complexities.

Operating system duties: Steering and controlling processes

Processor management

All computer applications operate through the central processing unit (CPU). At this stage, the operating system's role is to manage how applications use the CPU and how much time they consume. It also monitors application activity and CPU usage, redistributing CPU space once some applications have completed their tasks.

To enhance the user experience when running multiple applications, operating systems often employ a programme called Traffic Monitor. This programme tracks the number of processes handled by the CPU and identifies pending operations, ensuring efficient CPU management.

Memory management

When an application runs on a computer, its programme and data are stored in the main memory (RAM) for quick access by the central processing unit (CPU). However, when multiple applications run simultaneously, each demands a part of RAM. In this case, the operating system steps in to manage and allocate memory across these applications.

Additionally, the operating system prioritises applications based on user needs or task importance. This prioritisation ensures that critical applications can access the main memory, while it manages memory for other applications not needed at the moment, ensuring seamless and conflict-free operation.

Hardware management

All computers are equipped to handle input and output devices like keyboard, mouse, microphone, headset, and projector, which enhance their functionality. The operating system plays a crucial role in managing these devices, ensuring their proper operation, and verifying compatibility with the system. It provides installation and usage instructions, troubleshoots issues, and can adjust software to ensure seamless integration with the computer.

File Management

Files store diverse types of data, including text, images, audio, video, and applications. The operating system automatically identifies each file type and selects the appropriate software for opening and organising them. Users can perform various operations on these files, such as copying, transferring, and deleting, and they can also run the relevant applications to view and modify the saved content.

Errors detection

Depending on the device, the operating system regularly scans to diagnose and address system errors, either fixing them directly or reporting them to the user. It also inspects hardware for errors or damage and provides solutions as needed. Furthermore, this system identifies and resolves file-related issues, such as clearing video cache files or formatting documents for better accessibility.

Protection

The operating system is crucial for maintaining a computer's security, employing a range of protective features. It mandates passwords or personal identification numbers (PINs) at login to block unauthorised access and safeguard data and property. It also activates firewalls to monitor and regulate data traffic between the computer and the internet, effectively preventing malware from infiltrating the system.