"We are concerned above all about civilian losses," Putin said, according to images shown on Russian state television.
"We are doing everything ... to support Palestine and the Palestinian people," he said.
The only way to create "long-lasting, reliable, stable peace in the region" is implementation of all UN resolutions and the "creation of a fully-fledged Palestinian state," he added.
Abbas told Putin: "We feel that Russia is one of the dearest friends of the Palestinian people".
The leaders held talks after a weekend strike on a Gaza school building left at least 93 people dead, including 11 children, according to the Gaza civil defence agency.
The Kremlin has repeatedly criticised Israel's response to the October 7 attacks and called for restraint.
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